Federal baseline traffic-safety compliance

Set up a parking lot

Minimum accessible parking spaces (off-street lots). Off-street parking facilities must provide accessible spaces per the schedule in ADA 2010 Standards Section 208.2. A lot with 1 to 25 total spaces requires at least 1 accessible space; 26 to 50 spaces require 2; 51 to 75 require 3. At least one in every 6 accessible spaces (but not fewer than one) must be van-accessible.

Close a lane (work zone)

Cone color, material, and minimum height. Cones shall be predominantly orange and made of a material that can be struck without causing damage to the impacting vehicle. For daytime and low-speed roadways, cones shall be not less than 18 inches in height. On freeways and other high-speed highways, at night on all highways, or when more conspicuous guidance is needed, cones shall be a minimum of 28 inches in height.

Nighttime retroreflectorization of 28- to 36-inch cones. For nighttime use cones shall be retroreflectorized or equipped with lighting devices. For cones 28 to 36 inches in height, retroreflectorization shall be a 6-inch wide white band located 3 to 4 inches from the top of the cone plus an additional 4-inch wide white band located approximately 2 inches below the 6-inch band.

Retroreflectorization of cones taller than 36 inches. Cones more than 36 inches in height shall have horizontal, circumferential, alternating orange and white retroreflective stripes 4 to 6 inches wide, with a minimum of two orange and two white stripes, the top stripe being orange, and any non-retroreflective spaces between stripes not exceeding 3 inches in width.

Permitted uses of traffic cones. Traffic cones may be used to channelize road users, divide opposing vehicular traffic lanes, divide lanes when two or more lanes are kept open in the same direction, and delineate short-duration maintenance and utility work.

Preventing cone displacement by wind or traffic. Steps should be taken to minimize the possibility of cones being blown over or displaced by wind or moving vehicular traffic. Cones may be doubled up to increase their weight, and ballast should be kept to the minimum amount needed.

Channelizing devices must be crashworthy. Designs of various channelizing devices shall be as shown in Figure 6K-1. All channelizing devices shall be crashworthy.

Channelizing device spacing for tapers and tangents. The spacing between cones, tubular markers, vertical panels, drums, and barricades should not exceed a distance in feet equal to 1 times the speed limit in mph when used for taper channelization, and should not exceed a distance in feet equal to 2 times the speed limit in mph when used for tangent channelization.

Extending channelizing devices beyond transition area. When channelizing devices have the potential of leading vehicular traffic out of the intended vehicular traffic space, the channelizing devices should be extended a distance in feet of 2 times the speed limit in mph beyond the downstream end of the transition area.

Channelizing device retroreflective color day and night. The retroreflective material used on channelizing devices shall display a similar color day or night.

Restriction on owner/manufacturer identification on channelizing devices. Information identifying the owner or manufacturer shall not be displayed on any portion of the device visible to approaching road users; where the highway agency, contractor, or supplier name and telephone number are displayed on the non-retroreflective surface, that area shall be non-retroreflective and not over 2 inches in height.

Replacement of non-serviceable channelizing devices. Channelizing devices that are no longer serviceable shall be replaced.

Redirection of road users in transition area. Except for mobile operations, when redirection of the road users' normal path is required, road users shall be directed from the normal path to a new path with appropriate channelizing devices, traffic control devices, and/or TTC methods.

Taper length criteria by taper type. Merging taper: at least L; Shifting taper: at least 0.5 L; Shoulder taper: at least 0.33 L; One-Lane, Two-Way Traffic taper: 50 feet minimum, 100 feet maximum; Downstream taper: 50 feet minimum, 100 feet maximum.

Taper length calculation formulas. For speeds 40 mph or less: L = (W x S^2) / 60. For speeds 45 mph or more: L = W x S. Where L = taper length in feet, W = width of offset in feet, and S = posted speed limit, off-peak 85th-percentile speed prior to work starting, or the anticipated operating speed in mph.

Downstream taper length and device spacing. If used, a downstream taper should have a minimum length of 50 feet and a maximum length of 100 feet with devices placed at a spacing of approximately 20 feet.

One-lane, two-way traffic taper length and spacing. A taper having a minimum length of 50 feet and a maximum length of 100 feet with channelizing devices at approximately 20-foot spacing should be used to guide traffic into the one-lane section, and a downstream taper should be used to guide traffic back into their original lane.

Shifting taper length. A shifting taper should have a length of approximately ½ L.

Shoulder taper length. If used, shoulder tapers should have a length of approximately 1/3 L. If a shoulder is used as a travel lane, a normal merging or shifting taper should be used.

Recommended advance warning sign minimum spacing. Recommended minimum spacing between advance warning signs (dimensions A/B/C): Urban low speed 100/100/100 feet; Urban high speed 350/350/350 feet; Rural 500/500/500 feet; Expressway/Freeway 1,000/1,500/2,640 feet.

Advance warning sign placement on urban streets. On urban streets, the effective placement of the nearest warning sign to the TTC zone, in feet, should range from 4 to 8 times the speed limit in mph, with the high end used when speeds are relatively high.

Advance warning sign placement on rural highways. On rural highways the effective placement of the first warning sign in feet should be from 8 to 12 times the speed limit in mph, and the advance warning area should extend 1,500 feet or more for open highway conditions.

Advance warning sign placement on freeways and expressways. On freeways and expressways, advance warning sign placement should extend as far as ½ mile or more.

Stopping sight distance as a function of speed. Stopping sight distance values (posted/off-peak 85th-percentile/anticipated operating speed): 20 mph=115 ft; 25 mph=155 ft; 30 mph=200 ft; 35 mph=250 ft; 40 mph=305 ft; 45 mph=360 ft; 50 mph=425 ft; 55 mph=495 ft; 60 mph=570 ft; 65 mph=645 ft; 70 mph=730 ft; 75 mph=820 ft.

No work or storage within buffer space. Neither work activity nor storage of equipment, vehicles, or material should occur within a buffer space.

High-visibility safety apparel for workers in TTC zone. For daytime and nighttime activity, all workers, including emergency responders, within the right-of-way who are within the TTC zone shall wear high-visibility safety apparel that meets the Performance Class 2 or 3 requirements of ANSI/ISEA 107-2015, or equivalent revisions.

High-visibility apparel color requirements. The apparel background (outer) material color shall be fluorescent orange-red, fluorescent yellow-green, or a combination of the two as defined in the ANSI standard. The retroreflective material shall be orange, yellow, white, silver, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors.

High-visibility apparel for law enforcement handling lane closures. When uniformed law enforcement personnel are used to direct traffic, investigate crashes, or handle lane closures, obstructed roadways, and disasters, high-visibility safety apparel as described in Section 6C.05 shall be worn by the law enforcement personnel.

Flagger high-visibility apparel for nighttime activity. For flagger wear during nighttime activity, high-visibility safety apparel that meets the Performance Class 3 requirements of ANSI/ISEA 107-2015, labeled as meeting the ANSI 107-2015 standard performance for Class 3 risk exposure, should be worn.

Speed limit reduction limited to 10 mph. A TTC plan should be designed so that vehicles can travel through the TTC zone with a speed limit reduction of no more than 10 mph; a reduction of more than 10 mph should be used only when required by restrictive features.

MUTCD is the national standard for traffic control devices. The MUTCD approved by the Federal Highway Administrator is the national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, or bicycle trail open to public travel.

State MUTCD substantial conformance requirement. Where State MUTCDs or Supplements are required, they shall be in substantial conformance with the national MUTCD, conforming as a minimum to the Standard statements in the national MUTCD, and shall not contain statements that contravene or negate Standard or Guidance statements in the national MUTCD.

Two-year adoption of MUTCD changes by States. States and other Federal agencies shall adopt changes issued by the FHWA to the National MUTCD within two years from the effective date of the final rule.

Traffic control devices in construction areas must conform to MUTCD. All traffic control devices installed in construction areas using Federal-aid funds shall conform to the MUTCD, and traffic control plans for handling traffic and pedestrians and protecting workers shall conform to 23 CFR part 630, subpart J.

Post no-parking & tow-away zones

Regulatory signs must inform of traffic laws and indicate applicability. Regulatory signs shall be used to inform road users of selected traffic laws or regulations and to indicate the applicability of the legal requirements.

Regulatory sign placement, visibility, and legibility. Regulatory signs shall be installed at or near where the regulations apply; they shall clearly indicate the requirements and be designed and installed to provide adequate visibility and legibility to obtain compliance.

Parking sign shape. Parking, standing, or stopping signs shall be rectangular or square.

Parking sign legend must state applicable regulations. The legend on parking signs shall state applicable regulations, and parking signs shall comply with the standards of shape, color, and location.

Prohibitive parking sign color and symbol. Prohibitive parking signs shall be used where parking is prohibited at all times or at specific times; except as otherwise provided, parking signs shall have a red legend and border on a white background and, when the parking prohibition symbol is used, the symbol "P" shall be black.

Permissive parking sign color. Permissive parking signs shall be used where only time-limited parking or parking in a particular manner is allowed and shall have a green legend and border on a white background.

Order of parking information on the sign. Parking information should be displayed from top to bottom in the order: (A) the restriction or prohibition; (B) times of day applicable; (C) days of week applicable; (D) qualifying/supplementary information; (E) exemptions; and (F) any tow-away message or symbol.

Showing limits of a parking regulation zone with arrows. If the regulation applies to a limited area or zone, the limits should be shown by arrows or supplemental plaques: a single-headed arrow at the end of a zone pointing in the direction the regulation is in effect, a double-headed arrow at intermediate points, and a right and left arrow at a transition point between two zones.

Posting times and days of parking regulations. The times and days for which the parking regulations are in effect shall be posted if they are not in effect at all times of day or all days of the week.

Alternate word messages for restriction zones. As an alternate to arrows to show designated restriction zones, the word messages BEGIN, END, HERE TO CORNER, HERE TO ALLEY, and THIS SIDE OF SIGN may be used.

Use of R8 series single no-parking signs. The R8 series signs may be used where sufficient notice of a parking prohibition is satisfied by single signs; NO PARKING ON PAVEMENT (R8-1) or NO STOPPING ON PAVEMENT (R8-5) may be used in rural areas where parking is allowed on unpaved shoulders; NO PARKING EXCEPT ON SHOULDER (R8-2) or NO STOPPING EXCEPT ON SHOULDER (R8-6) may be used where an adjacent paved shoulder allows parking; the R8-3 symbol sign or word message NO PARKING may be used to prohibit any parking along a roadway.

Snow Emergency Route sign. Where special parking restrictions are imposed during heavy snowfall or a declared snow emergency, a Snow Emergency Route (R7-203) sign should be installed with the legend modified to display the specific regulations; the upper section should display the snow emergency route designation in a white legend and border on a red background.

Metered parking maximum time limit display. If metered parking is subject to a maximum time limit, the appropriate time limit (number of hours or minutes) shall be displayed on the Metered Parking (R7-21 and R7-22) signs and, except as provided, on the Multi-space Parking Meter (R7-20) signs.

Accessible Parking sign requirement. Where parking spaces are reserved for persons with disabilities, the Accessible Parking (R7-8) sign shall be used to designate the space and shall display the official International Symbol of Accessibility.

VAN ACCESSIBLE plaque requirement. Where parking spaces reserved for persons with disabilities are designed to accommodate wheelchair vans, a VAN ACCESSIBLE (R7-8aP) plaque shall be mounted below the R7-8 sign.

Combination prohibition/permissive sign sizing. Where parking is prohibited during certain hours and allowed during others, two 12 x 18-inch parking signs may be used with the red Parking Prohibition (R7-1) sign installed above or to the left of the green Permissive Parking (R7-108) sign; or a single sign (R7-200 or R7-200a) may be used.

NO PARKING words as alternative to symbol. The words NO PARKING may be used as an alternative to the No Parking symbol (R7-2a sign).

Tow-Away Zone plaque. A Tow-Away Zone (R7-201P or R7-201aP) plaque may be mounted below any parking prohibition sign; the word legend TOW-AWAY ZONE may be incorporated into the parking prohibition sign in lieu of a separate plaque. The R7-201P plaque may have a black or red symbol and border on a white background.

Minimum letter height for urbanized parking signs. In general, the letter height of the principal legend on parking signs sized for urbanized applications should be at least 2 inches.

Angle for signs with arrows indicating restricted zones. When signs with arrows are used to indicate the extent of restricted zones, the signs should be set at an angle of not less than 30 degrees or more than 45 degrees with the line of traffic flow to be visible to approaching traffic.

Sign orientation at perpendicular parking stalls. When signs are placed at the head of perpendicular parking stalls, the signs should be parallel to the roadway facing the parking stall.

Intermediate signs in long parking zones. If the zone is long, signs should be used at intermediate points within the zone.

Back-to-back signs at zone transition (90-degree mounting). If signs are mounted at 90 degrees to the curb line, two signs should be mounted back to back at the transition point between two parking zones, each with an appended THIS SIDE OF SIGN (R7-202P) supplemental plaque.

Emergency Restriction sign design. Emergency Restriction signs shall be rectangular and shall have a black legend and border on a white background.

Emergency parking/stopping restriction sign use. The EMERGENCY PARKING ONLY (R8-4) sign or the EMERGENCY STOPPING ONLY (R8-7) sign may be used to discourage or prohibit shoulder parking, particularly where scenic or other attractions create a tendency for road users to stop temporarily.

MUTCD is the national standard for traffic control devices. The MUTCD approved by the Federal Highway Administrator is the national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, or bicycle trail open to public travel.

Parking areas excluded from MUTCD applicability. For MUTCD applicability, parking areas, driving aisles within parking areas, and private highway-rail grade crossings are not included in the definition of open to public travel.

State MUTCD substantial conformance requirement. Where State MUTCDs or Supplements are required, they shall be in substantial conformance with the national MUTCD, conforming as a minimum to the Standard statements in the national MUTCD, and shall not contain statements that contravene or negate national MUTCD Standard or Guidance statements.

Two-year adoption of MUTCD changes. States and other Federal agencies shall adopt changes issued by the FHWA to the National MUTCD within two years from the effective date of the final rule.

Close a road & set a detour

ROAD CLOSED (R11-2) sign use for fully closed roadway. The ROAD CLOSED (R11-2) sign should be used when the roadway is closed to all road users except contractors' equipment or officially authorized vehicles, and should be accompanied by appropriate warning and detour signing.

Substitute closure signs for Road Closed. STREET CLOSED (R11-2a), BRIDGE OUT (R11-2b), or PATH CLOSED (R11-2c) signs may be substituted for Road Closed signs where applicable.

Road Closed signs mounted on or above Type 3 Barricade. Road Closed signs should be installed at or near the center of the roadway on or above a Type 3 Barricade that closes the roadway.

Prohibited use of Road Closed signs where flow is maintained. Road Closed signs shall not be used where road user flow is maintained through the TTC zone with a reduced number of lanes on the existing roadway or where the actual closure is some distance beyond the sign.

Local Traffic Only signs use. The Local Traffic Only signs should be used where road user flow detours to avoid a closure some distance beyond the sign, but where local road users can use the roadway to the point of closure; these signs should be accompanied by appropriate warning and detour signing.

Rural Local Traffic Only sign legend (R11-3). In rural applications, the Local Traffic Only sign should have the legend ROAD CLOSED XX MILES AHEAD, LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (R11-3).

Detour marking with route and destination signs. Each detour shall be adequately marked with standard temporary route signs and destination signs.

Detour Arrow (M4-10) mounting below Road Closed sign. The Detour Arrow (M4-10) sign should normally be mounted just below the ROAD CLOSED (R11-2, R11-3a, or R11-4) sign and should include a horizontal arrow pointed to the right or left as required.

DETOUR (M4-9) sign use. The DETOUR (M4-9) sign should be used for unnumbered highways, for emergency situations, for periods of short durations, or where, over relatively short distances, road users are guided along the detour and back to the desired highway without route signs.

Street Name sign with DETOUR (M4-9) sign. A Street Name sign should be placed above, or the street name should be incorporated into, a DETOUR (M4-9) sign to indicate the name of the street being detoured.

END DETOUR mounting on numbered highway. When the END DETOUR sign is used on a numbered highway, the sign should be mounted above a route sign after the downstream end of the detour.

Pedestrian/Bicyclist Detour (M4-9a) sign arrow requirement. If used, the Pedestrian/Bicyclist Detour sign shall have an arrow pointing in the appropriate direction.

Detour (E5-3) guide sign size. The Detour (E5-3) guide sign is 48 x 36 inches (width x height) for both Conventional Road and Freeway or Expressway applications. Larger signs may be used for greater legibility or emphasis.

End Detour (M4-8P) plaque size. The End Detour (M4-8P) plaque is 24 x 12 inches for Conventional Road and 30 x 15 inches for Freeway or Expressway (width x height).

Bike/Pedestrian Detour (M4-9) sign size. The Bike/Pedestrian Detour (M4-9) sign is 30 x 24 inches for Conventional Road and 48 x 36 inches for Freeway or Expressway (width x height).

Periodic reassurance signing on long detours. When a detour is long, Detour (M4-8, M4-9) signs should be installed to remind and reassure road users periodically that they are still successfully following the detour.

Detour and advance warning for entire roadway closure. When an entire roadway is closed, a detour should be provided and road users should be warned in advance of the closure. If local road users are allowed to use the roadway up to the closure, the ROAD CLOSED AHEAD, LOCAL TRAFFIC ONLY (R11-3a) sign should be used, and the portion open to local road users should have adequate signing, marking, and delineation.

Detours signed for full traverse and return. Detours should be signed so that road users will be able to traverse the entire detour route and back to the original roadway.

Modification of regulatory devices for detour duration. Regulatory traffic control devices should be modified as needed for the duration of the detour.

Placement of Road Closed and Detour signs on Type 3 Barricades at edge of traveled way. If the road is opened for some distance beyond the intersection and/or there are significant origin/destination points beyond the intersection, the ROAD CLOSED and DETOUR signs on Type 3 Barricades may be located at the edge of the traveled way.

MUTCD is the national standard for traffic control devices. The MUTCD approved by the Federal Highway Administrator is the national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, or bicycle trail open to public travel.

State MUTCD substantial conformance. Where State or other Federal agency MUTCDs or Supplements are required, they shall be in substantial conformance with the national MUTCD, conforming as a minimum to the Standard statements in the national MUTCD.

Adoption of MUTCD changes within two years. States and other Federal agencies shall adopt changes issued by the FHWA to the National MUTCD within two years from the effective date of the final rule.

Construction area devices must conform to MUTCD. All traffic control devices installed in construction areas using Federal-aid funds shall conform to the MUTCD, and traffic control plans shall conform to 23 CFR part 630, subpart J.

Aviation ground operations

Limit access to movement and safety areas. Certificate holder must limit access to movement areas and safety areas only to those pedestrians and ground vehicles necessary for airport operations.

Procedures for safe access to movement/safety areas. Certificate holder must establish and implement procedures for the safe and orderly access to and operation in movement areas and safety areas by pedestrians and ground vehicles, including provisions identifying consequences of noncompliance.

Control of pedestrians/vehicles when tower in operation. When an air traffic control tower is in operation, each pedestrian and ground vehicle in movement or safety areas must be controlled by two-way radio communications with the tower; an escort with two-way radio; or Administrator-authorized measures such as signs, signals, or guards when radio is not operationally practical.

Control when tower not in operation or absent. When an air traffic control tower is not in operation, or there is no tower, the certificate holder must provide adequate procedures to control pedestrians and ground vehicles in movement or safety areas through two-way radio communications or prearranged signs or signals.

Training of persons prior to duties and annually. All persons must be trained on the procedures required under paragraph (b) prior to initial performance of duties and at least once every 12 consecutive calendar months, including consequences of noncompliance, prior to moving on foot or operating a ground vehicle in movement or safety areas.

Training records retention. A description and date of training completed by each individual must be maintained for 24 consecutive months after termination of the individual's access to movement and safety areas.

Accident/incident records retention. A description and date of any accidents or incidents in movement and safety areas involving air carrier aircraft, a ground vehicle, or a pedestrian must be maintained for 12 consecutive calendar months from the date of the accident or incident.

Reflective band on airfield service vehicles. A minimum 8 inch (200 mm) wide horizontal band of high gloss white paint or white reflective tape (Retroreflective, ASTM-D 4956-09, Type III & above) must be used around the vehicle's surface to improve night-time recognition.

Vehicle flag requirement (non-routine vehicles). Vehicles other than those that routinely traverse the AOA under ATC control, not escorted by a vehicle in constant two-way radio communication with ATC, must be provided with a flag on a staff attached to the vehicle so it is readily visible.

Flags required at non-towered airports. At airports without air traffic control facilities, flags must be provided on all vehicles.

Vehicle flag dimensions and pattern. The flag must be at least a 3-foot by 3-foot (0.9 m by 0.9 m) square with a checkered pattern of international orange and white squares at least 1 foot (300 mm) on each side.

Vehicle identification light standard. The standard for identification lighting is a yellow flashing light mounted on the uppermost part of the vehicle structure; a steady yellow light designates vehicles limited to non-movement areas.

Vehicle identification light visibility. The light must be visible from any direction, day and night, including from the air.

Flashing light peak intensity. Lights must have peak intensity within the range of 40 to 400 candelas (effective) from 0° (horizontal) up to 10° above the horizontal and for 360° horizontally.

Flashing light output above horizontal plane. From 10° to 15° above the horizontal plane, the light output must be 1/10th of peak intensity or between 4 and 40 candelas (effective).

Flashing light flash rate. Lights must flash at 75 ± 15 flashes per minute.

Initial and recurrent training required under Part 139. Under Part 139, all personnel with duties requiring access to the movement and safety areas are required to have initial and recurrent training.

Recurrent training every 12 CCM. Recurrent training (required for Part 139 certificated airports) is provided to an employee or airport user every twelve Consecutive Calendar Months to maintain a satisfactory level of proficiency.

Remedial training after violation. Remedial training is required when a violation of the rules and regulations is committed.

Training records retention (AC guidance). The airport operator or designated representative will retain records of training for 24 months after an individual's access to the movement and safety areas ends.

Annual validation of tenant training programs. Airport operator will annually validate any training program that is provided to or used by tenants for ground vehicle operations on the airport.

Separation between roadway edge marking and non-movement boundary marking. A minimum separation of 2 feet (0.6 m) must be maintained between the vehicle roadway edge marking and the non-movement area boundary marking.

Vehicle roadway markings color. Vehicle roadway markings are white.

Vehicle roadway marking dimensions. Roadway edge lines and dashed lines are 6 inches (15 cm) wide, except zipper-style edges are 12 inches (30 cm) wide and 4 feet (1.2 m) long. The lane-separation dashed line is 15 feet (4.5 m) in length spaced 25 feet (7.5 m) apart. The roadway stop line (bar) is 2 feet (0.6 m) wide and extends across its lane.

Roadway stop line required at taxi route feed. Every roadway lane that feeds vehicle traffic onto or across a taxi route must have a solid roadway stop line (bar), placed in accordance with taxiway centerline to fixed/movable object criteria per AC 150/5300-13 for the largest airplane design group serving the airport.

Non-movement area boundary marking color. The non-movement area boundary marking is yellow and will be outlined in black on light-colored pavements.

Non-movement area boundary marking composition. The non-movement area boundary marking consists of two yellow lines, one solid and one dashed; the solid line is on the non-movement area side while the dashed line is on the movement area side.

Non-movement area boundary marking line dimensions. Each line is 6 inches (15 cm) wide with 6-inch (15-cm) spacing between lines; widths and spaces may be doubled to 12 inches (30 cm) where pilots may have difficulty discerning the movement area edge. Dashes are 3 feet (0.9 m) in length with 3-foot (0.9-m) spacing between dashes.

Set up a school zone

School (S1-1) sign required at start of designated school zone. If a school zone has been designated under State or local statute, a School (S1-1) sign shall be installed to identify the beginning point(s) of the designated school zone.

School Speed Limit assembly or School Speed Limit When Flashing sign required at reduced speed zone. A School Speed Limit assembly or a School Speed Limit When Flashing (S5-1) sign shall be used to indicate the speed limit where a reduced school speed limit zone has been established, placed at or as near as practicable to the point where the reduced school speed limit zone begins.

Advance School (S1-1) sign before first School Speed Limit sign. If a reduced school speed limit zone has been established, a School (S1-1) sign shall be installed in advance of the first School Speed Limit sign assembly or S5-1 sign encountered in each direction (see Table 2C-3 for advance placement guidelines).

END SCHOOL SPEED LIMIT sign at downstream end of zone. Except as provided in Paragraph 4, the downstream end of an authorized and posted reduced school speed limit zone shall be identified with an END SCHOOL SPEED LIMIT (S5-3) sign.

Beginning point of reduced school speed limit zone distance. The beginning point of a reduced school speed limit zone should be at least 200 feet in advance of the school grounds or a school crossing; this 200-foot distance should be increased if the reduced school speed limit is 30 mph or higher, and the maximum beginning point should not be greater than 500 feet in advance.

School Speed Limit assembly permitted form (static, blank-out, or changeable message). The School Speed Limit assembly shall be either a static sign assembly, a blank-out sign, or a changeable message sign.

Static School Speed Limit assembly composition. The static School Speed Limit assembly shall consist of a top plaque (S4-3P) with the legend SCHOOL, a Speed Limit (R2-1) sign, and a bottom plaque (S4-1P, S4-2P, S4-4P, or S4-6P) indicating the periods when the special school speed limit is in effect.

Speed Limit Sign Beacon required with When Flashing signs. When a School Speed Limit When Flashing (S5-1) sign or a Speed Limit (R2-1) sign with a supplemental WHEN FLASHING (S4-4P) plaque is used, a Speed Limit Sign Beacon shall be used to identify the periods that the school speed limit is in effect.

Fluorescent yellow-green pixels for SCHOOL message on changeable message sign. Fluorescent yellow-green pixels shall be used when the "SCHOOL" message is displayed on a changeable message sign for a school speed limit.

Reduced School Speed Limit Ahead sign usage. A Reduced School Speed Limit Ahead (S4-5 or S4-5a) sign should be used to inform road users of a reduced speed zone where the speed limit is being reduced by more than 10 mph, or where engineering judgment indicates advance notice would be appropriate.

Reduced School Speed Limit Ahead sign must be followed by School Speed Limit sign. If used, the Reduced School Speed Limit Ahead sign shall be followed by a School Speed Limit sign or a School Speed Limit assembly.

Speed on Reduced School Speed Limit Ahead sign must match subsequent sign. The speed limit displayed on the Reduced School Speed Limit Ahead sign shall be identical to the speed limit displayed on the subsequent School Speed Limit sign or School Speed Limit assembly.

Higher fines zone signing for all traffic violations. Where increased fines are imposed for traffic violations within a designated school zone, a BEGIN HIGHER FINES ZONE (R2-10) sign or a FINES HIGHER (R2-6P), FINES DOUBLE (R2-6aP), or $XX FINE (R2-6bP) plaque shall be installed as a supplement to the School Zone (S1-1) sign at the beginning point, and an END HIGHER FINES ZONE (R2-11) sign or END SCHOOL ZONE (S5-2) sign shall be installed at the downstream end.

Higher fines plaque placement when only speeding is subject to higher fines. If exceeding the speed limit is the only traffic violation subject to higher fines, a FINES HIGHER (R2-6P), FINES DOUBLE (R2-6aP), or $XX FINE (R2-6bP) plaque shall be posted with the School Speed Limit (S5-1) sign and shall not be posted beneath the School Zone (S1-1) sign.

BEGIN HIGHER FINES ZONE sign placement when zone starts downstream. If the portion of roadway subject to higher fines does not begin at the location of the School Zone (S1-1) sign, a BEGIN HIGHER FINES ZONE (R2-10) sign shall be placed at the point where the higher fines begin.

Two-lane SCHOOL word marking letter height. If the two-lane SCHOOL word marking is used, the letters should be 10 feet or more in height.

Crosswalks marked on established school routes. Crosswalks should be marked at all intersections on established routes to a school where there is substantial conflict between motorists, bicyclists, and student movements, or where students are encouraged to cross between intersections, or would not otherwise recognize the proper place to cross, or where motorists or bicyclists might not expect students to cross.

High-visibility apparel for crossing guards. Law enforcement officers performing school crossing supervision and adult crossing guards shall wear high-visibility retroreflective safety apparel labeled as ANSI 107-2020 standard performance for Class 2, Type R.

Adult crossing guards shall use a STOP paddle. Adult crossing guards shall use a STOP paddle as the primary hand-signaling device.

Crossing guard STOP paddle specification. The STOP paddle shall comply with the provisions for a STOP/SLOW paddle except both sides shall be a STOP face.

STOP paddle retroreflective or illuminated at night. The paddle shall be retroreflective or illuminated when used during hours of darkness.

Warning signs for non-intersection school crosswalks. Because non-intersection school crossings are generally unexpected, warning signs should be installed for all marked school crosswalks at non-intersection locations, and adequate visibility should be provided by parking prohibitions or other measures.

Engineering study before marked crosswalk installation. An engineering study considering the factors described in Section 3C.02 should be performed before a marked crosswalk is installed at a location away from a traffic control signal or an approach controlled by a STOP or YIELD sign.

Scenarios in Federal baseline